Abstract
Urbanisation alters ecological processes and reshapes biodiversity patterns, with significant implications for bird communities. This study examined avian community structure across an urban gradient in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia, by integrating field surveys with remotely sensed environmental variables. Bird species richness and composition were assessed at 300 observation points stratified by urbanisation class. Environmental predictors, including vegetation cover and land surface temperature, were derived from Landsat 8 imagery. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) was used to identify key environmental drivers, accounting for spatial clustering within 2×2 km grids. Model selection via backward stepwise elimination revealed that bird species richness was positively associated with vegetation cover and negatively influenced by surface temperature. These results highlight the ecological importance of vegetation in urban landscapes and the adverse impacts of urban heat on biodiversity. Enhancing green infrastructure and maintaining vegetation cover are essential strategies to support avian diversity in rapidly urbanising regions.
SDGs:
SDG 11:Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG 15:Life on Land
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