
Abstract
land limitation dramatically affects people with land-based livelihoods, such as farmers, andis often an obstacle to earning sufficient income for their family’s needs. Privately ownedforests (POFs) are a land-based farming activity with a long history in indonesian society. thisstudy aimed to determine the socio-economic conditions, inequality, poverty, and livelihooddynamics of POF farmers. the research was conducted in three villages in ciamis Regency,West







