
Abstract
Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) seeds, which account for 40% of the fruit, have been used as a raw material for biofuels, and the seed shells remaining after their extraction are wasted. In this study, we investigated the potential of waste Nyamplung seed shells in the form of pellets as a biomass energy resource. A completely randomized research design was implemented to evaluate the effects of torrefaction and heat treatment on the quality of produced







